Windows Run Commands

Accessibility Controls     access.cpl
Add Hardware Wizard     hdwwiz.cpl
Add/Remove Programs     appwiz.cpl
Administrative Tools     certmgr.msc
Antivirus     tbav.exe ll=2 co hm ld fc hr af fi ex cl lo ap el tn ln=c:\tbav.log C:\
Calls help using POP3 default server user     outlook.exe /a.txt /office@yahoo.com &set msg=my name is %username% and have no help near, have a wheelchair, and live hear and, need your assistance&print%msg%>>a.txt&set %subject%=have no comm accessdeff&print%subject%>a.txt
Character Map     charmap.exe
Check Disk Utility     chkdsk.exe
Clipboard Viewer     clipbrd.exe
Command Prompt with Echo     cmd.exe
Component Services     dcomcnfg.exe
Computer Management     compmgmt.msc
Date and Time Properties     timedate.cpl
DDE Shares     ddeshare.exe
Device Manager     devmgmt.msc
Direct-X Control Panel ( if Installed )     directx.cpl
Direct-X Troubleshooter     dxdiag.exe
Disk Cleanup Utility     cleanmgr.exe
Disk Defragment     dfrg.msc
Disk Management     diskmgmt.msc
Disk Partition Manager     diskpart
Display Properties     control.exe desktop
Display Properties     desk.cpl
Display Properties ( w/ Appearance Tab Preselected )     control.exe color
Dr. Watson System Troubleshooting Utility     drwtsn32.exe
Driver Verifier Utility     verifier.exe

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Information about Information

The processed data is called information. Information is an organized and processed form of data. It is more meaningful than data and is used for making decisions. Data is used an input for the processing and information is the output of this processing. This information can be used again in some other processing and will be considered as data in that processing.

For example,  marks of a student in different subjects is the data. To calculate the total marks, the marks of different subjects are used as data and total marks is the information. Now, to calculate the average marks of the student, this information will be processed again. In this processing, the information is used as data and average marks will be the information.

Examples of Information :

          Some examples of information are as follows:

•  In colleges and universities, the raw facts about students are stored on admission forms. If we want to find out a list of all students who live in Faisalabad, we will apply some processing on this data. This processing will give us the desired list. The list is form of processed data and will be called information.
• The data stored in census is used to generate different type of information. For examples, Government can use it to find total number of graduates in the country or literacy rate in the country etc. The information is obtained by processing the data. Government can use the information in important decisions to improve literacy rate.
•  An organization can use the opinion of the people as data and process it to generate information of its interest. For examples, it can know that how many people of the country are satisfied with the quality of its product and how many are unsatisfied. The organization can use this information for the improvement of its product.  

Information Technology (IT) :

Information technology is the technology that uses computing with high-speed communication links to spread information from one place to anther. The interconnection of computers enables people to send and receive information. The communication links are also used to communicate with different people in the world.

           The world has become a global village due to information technology. It means that people living in the world know one another as if they are living in a village. It has become possible due to fast communication links. Information can be transferred from one place to another place easily and quickly.

            Information plays an important role in every field of life. Information can be used to improve the standard of life. It can also be used for solving different problems. For example, if a person has the latest information about medical field, he can use this information to cure different diseases.

           Information technology has enabled different types of institutions and organizations to be a part of digital convergence. T he digital convergence means that various industries have merged electronically to exchange information. This merging is very important in modern world. The information can be transferred in any form like text, photos, audio and video etc.
Components of Information Technology:
Three components of information technology are as follows:

·   Computers: Electronic systems that can be instructed to accept, store, and present data and information.

·   Communications Network: It is an interconnection of different locations through a medium that enables people to send and receive information. Communication network allows people and businesses to interact. It includes hardware, programs and information. Information technology has become revolutionary through the use of communication networks. Information can be transferred from one place to another easily and quickly.

·   Know-how: Know-how is the capability to do something properly. Information technology know-how consists of the following:

o   Familiarity with the tools of information technology including the Internet.

o   Possession of the skills needed to use these tools.

o   Understanding of using IT for problem-solving and creating opportunities.

People should know the use of information technology to solve problems. They should also know how information technology can create opportunities for them.

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History of Computer

History of Computer

Computer was invented because “necessity is the mother of invention”. Man always searched for a fast calculating device. It took a long time to invent the digital computer. A brief history behind the invention of computer is as follows: 

Abacus

             Abacus was first computing device. It was developed 5000 years ago. It was used to perform simple addition and subtraction. Abacus was a wooden rack. It contained horizontal wires with beads strung in them. The beads could move easily. All simple arithmetic calculations were performed by moving these beads according to programming rules.

John Napier’s Bone

               John Napier was a Scottish mathematician. He created logarithm tables to facilitate calculations. He also created a device known as Napier’s Bones. The device used rods to perform arithmetic calculations. It was designed in the early 17^th century. The device was widely used by accountants and bookkeepers.

             The concept of logarithm was used to develop slide rule. The modern slide rule could be used to perform arithmetic calculations. It was also used to calculate squares, square roots, logs, sine and cosine etc. The slide rule was used till the middle 70’s.

Blaise Pascal

             Blaise Pascal was a French mathematician. He invented a mechanical adding machine in 1642 known as Pascaline Calculator.  The machine contained different metal wheels. Each wheel displayed the digit 0 to 9. It could only add and subtract numbers. Division and multiplication was performed by repeated addition and subtraction. It was not a commercial success because it could not provide sufficient precision for practical use.

Von Leibnitz

                Von Leibnitz was German scientist. He developed a calculating machine in 1694. It was the first calculator that could multiply and divide also. It was similar to Pascal’s calculator but it was more reliable and accurate.

Charles Xavier

                    A French scientist Charles Xavier developed a machine that could perform addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.

Punched Board

                 A French engineer Joseph developed punchboard system for power looms. It was used to create specific weaving pattern on cloths. Later on, the system was used in computing devices.

Charles Babbage

              In 1822, a mathematician Charles Babbage invented a difference engine for mathematical calculations. In 1842, he developed Analytical Engine that was automatic. This engine could perform 60 additions per minute.

Herman Hollerith

                     In 1889, Herman applied the idea of punchboards in computers. He used punch cards in computers for input and output.

Atanasoff

         Atanasoff was a professor at Lowa University. He invented an electronic computer. He applied Boolean algebra to computer circuitry.

George Boole

           George Boole simplified binary system of algebra. His rule states that any mathematical equation can be stated simply as either true of false.

The Mark I Computer (1937-44)

           It is also known as Automatic Sequence Controlled calculator. It was first fully automatic calculating machine. It was designed by Howard A. Aiken of Harvard University. It was very reliable but huge in size.

The ENIAC (1943-46)

               ENIAC stands for Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator. It was invented by J. P. Eckert and John Mauchly in 1946. It was the first electronic computer. It was very heavy and large in size. It consumed 140 Kilo Watts of power. It could perform 5000 additions per second.

The EDVAC (1946-52)

            EDVAC stands for Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Calculator. It was developed by Dr. John Von Neumann. It could store instructions and data.

The UNIVAC (1951)

                UNIVAC stands for Universal Automatic Computer. Eckert and Mauchly formed Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation in 1947 to manufacture computers commercially. They manufactured the first successful computer UNIVAC. It was the first computer for scientific and commercial applications. 

Commercial Computers

                  The first commercial computer was 701. It was introduced by IBM (International Business Machines).

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